top of page
About This Resource
This C1 resource compares grammatical tendencies in spoken and written English while recognizing that mode is only one part of context. It examines explicitness, ellipsis, reference, information packaging, contractions, and discourse features across genres ranging from conversation and presentations to messages and formal prose.
What You’ll Learn
• Compare how speech and writing differ in reliance on shared context.
• Recognize spoken features such as ellipsis and conversational reference without treating them as ungrammatical.
• Recognize written structures that make information more self-contained for readers.
• Choose grammar according to mode, genre, audience, and purpose rather than a rigid speech-versus-writing rule.
bottom of page